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| pronunciation = (:ukrɑˈjiɲsʲkɐ ˈmɔwɐ) | states = Ukraine | ethnicity = Ukrainians | speakers = million | date = 2007 | ref = ne2007 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Balto-Slavic | fam3 = Slavic | fam4 = East Slavic | ancestor = Old East Slavic | script = | nation = | minority = | agency = National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: Institute for the Ukrainian Language, (Ukrainian language-information fund ), (Potebnya Institute of Language Studies ) | lingua = | map = Ukrainian in the world.svg | mapcaption = Ukrainian-speaking world | map2 = Ukrainians en.svg | mapcaption2 = Ukrainian language and Ukrainians with their neighbors in the early 20th century. | iso1 = uk | iso2 = ukr | iso3 = ukr | glotto = ukra1253 | glottoname = Ukrainian | notice = IPA }} Ukrainian ( , ) is an East Slavic language. It is the official state language of Ukraine and first of two principal languages of Ukrainians; it is one of the three official languages in the unrecognized state of Transnistria, the other two being Romanian and Russian. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script (see Ukrainian alphabet). Historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kievan Rus'. After the fall of the Kievan Rus' as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the language developed into a form called the Ruthenian language. The Modern Ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate. From 1804 until the Russian Revolution, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools in the Russian Empire, of which the biggest part of Ukraine (Central, Eastern and Southern) was a part at the time.〔(Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy ) by Jonathan Steele, Harvard University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-674-26837-1 (p. 217)〕 It has always maintained a sufficient base in Western Ukraine, where the language was never banned,〔(Purism and Language: A Study in Modem Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism ) by Paul Wexler, Indiana University Press, ISBN 087750-175-0 (page 309)〕 in its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors.〔〔(Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine ) by Laada Bilaniuk, Cornell Univ. Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8014-7279-4 (page 78)〕 The standard Ukrainian language is regulated by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (''NANU''), particularly by its Institute for the Ukrainian Language, Ukrainian language-information fund, and Potebnya Institute of Language Studies. Lexically, the closest language to Ukrainian is Belarusian (84% of common vocabulary), followed by Polish (70%), Serbo-Croatian (68%), Slovak (66%) and Russian (62%).〔(Мови Європи: відстані між мовами за словниковим складом (Languages of Europe: distances according to the vocabulary composition) ). 〕 The Ukrainian language retains a degree of mutual intelligibility with Belarusian and Russian.〔 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge). Pp. 60–121. Pg. 60: "() distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..." C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language." Bernard Comrie. 1981. ''The Languages of the Soviet Union'' (Cambridge). Pg. 145–146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart..." The Swedish linguist Alfred Jensen wrote in 1916 that the difference between the Russian and Ukrainian languages was significant and that it could be compared to the difference between Swedish and Danish. Jensen, Alfred. ''Slaverna och världskriget. Reseminnen och intryck från Karpaterna till Balkan 1915–16.''. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm, 1916, p. 145. 〕 ==Linguistic development of the Ukrainian language== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ukrainian language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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